Equine laparoscopy: hemostasis.

Hemostasis must be accurate in laparoscopic surgery because it is vital to extirpative and reconstructive procedures. Even small amounts of hemorrhage can negatively influence the efficiency and safety of any procedure. In addition to physically obscuring anatomic structures, hemorrhage—even modest amounts—can darken the surgical field, reducing reflection of light and, therefore, visibility. During laparoscopic procedures, hemostasis can be effected by a number of means, which can broadly be categorized as mechanical or electrical/electronic.